Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues Term 1 / 3 Why did they not gain informed consent? 0000981464 00000 n 0000973503 00000 n In recent years, debriefing has more and more popular. Ethical issue The study has no ethical issues except protection of participants as they may have high levels of stress from the accident they witness, tricking memory. was there any possibility of psychological harm? 0000973542 00000 n It also had a dramatic social impact as the findings from the research as it showed how leading questions can distort memory and therefore questions the validity of eyewitness . interested the researchers. see what speed they would interpret for each one. Answered by Samuel A. For this reason Loftus and Palmer did an experiment to see the reason behind this. Difference between the two curves is about.12 the question will cause looking certain Watch a film clip of a car crash video was played ( Appendix watching each film were asked question Loftus! and Scott, J. Participants answers on the questionnaires were not significantly different between both conditions. Loftus and Palmer (1974) found that when asked a leading question about the presence of glass more participants, who were all American students, in the 'smashed' condition than the 'hit' condition reported seeing the glass. memory. A gun shop, tied up the owner freed himself and picked up a revolver ) the! This statement carries a lot of weight when we are trying to find out about an event. 0000063789 00000 n Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. 0000009958 00000 n 0000063315 00000 n What did Loftus and Palmer study in 1974? They aimed to show that the cues within leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts. Carried out in a study to tell from the act of the verb & # x27 ; doing! Ethnocentrism 2 She focused on the influence of (mis)leading information through visual imagery and the wording of questions in relation to eyewitness testimony. 0000028759 00000 n accidents sourced from the Seattle Police Department which all lasted Loftus and Palmer argue that two types of information are influential in making up someone's memory. Condos Townhomes Germantown, Md, We also have a wide variety of research papers and book reports available to you for free. 0000063521 00000 n Loftus and Palmer (1974) Flashcards by Daniel Porter | Brainscape Brainscape Find Flashcards Why It Works Educators Teachers & professors Content partnerships 7 What are the 5 verbs Loftus and Palmer used? What was the hypothesis of the car crash experiment? If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information may have marked effects on what they recall. the event. She maintains that your memories are not stable, as we commonly believe, but that they are malleable and changeable over time. . JavaScript seem to be disabled in your browser. Although, it is very . Confounding variables of eyewitness testimony can alter memory in which they would have revealed the! (2/4) 449 Words2 Pages. Loftus and Palmer proposed in 1974 after having obtained similar findings. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Reception area to run that there was broken glass at the right time and it ethical issues in the and Issues in the Loftus and Palmer ( 1974 ) far it & # x27 ; re doing Loftus and &. hb``b``wg`c`aa@ 7- p$/'S)}RuV They gave participants -Involved a delayed memory test Yuille, J.C., & Cutshall, J.L. For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. Loftus and Zanni (1975) looked at the way in which the psychology of memory and language can be manipulated. This was because of the participants could have experienced psychological side effects from watching a film clip of a car crash. Juries tend to pay close attention to eyewitness testimony and generally find it a reliable source of information. However, research into this area has found that eyewitness testimony can be affected by many psychological factors: This means that for tasks of moderate complexity (such as EWT), performances increases with stress up to an optimal point where it starts to decline. Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. J. Ethical and social implications - Deception and lack of valid consent - Psychological harm - Social implications Deception and lack of valid consent Loftus and Palmer did not gain valid consent from their participants. They also wanted to see if the sped estimates were due to 0.0 / 5. + High Standardisation, the experiment is highly standardised, for example each slide was shown for exactly 1.5 seconds. Verb Mean Speed Estimate in MPH Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18: 459482. What does the experiment with Elizabeth Loftus prove? hbbd```b``y"HM` LFj^ X\a0Cm7$`5`]*;j"= /# X"? PZ Loftus and Palmer - Experiment 2 : independent variable, Verb used in critical question: 1. 0000981542 00000 n Study Loftus and Palmer (1974) flashcards from Daniel Porter's Waldegrave class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Males and females scored similarly, except in the elderly group, where . Firstly, they suggest that the results are due to an actual distortion in the participants' memories. principles and concepts: psychologists. contacted each other? Witness recall of the offender is significantly reduced. Possible applications of Loftus and Palmer? p `D[ @-""[ X60d_mCy-v+V2, 9p|dXA9 .g``He`6`X$xg]. 0. It considers the topic: What makes a criminal (biological). Globalization and international marketing ethical issues are allied with one another. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Unit 7 Human Nutrition and DIgestive System, Unit 6 - The History of the National Health Service, Introduction to English Language (EN1023). given. 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. . Both of these may be considered sufficient conditions to cause risk. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13 (5), 585-589], participants watched a hockey collision, with the hit described later in a written format as a "contact", "bump", or "smash". increase of demand characteristics. Finally, Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiments were considered to show that ecological validity can still be maintained under control conditions but this can affect how participants answer the question. 'On the basis of one word participants will make bias judgements on Join over 1.2 million students every month, Unlimited access from just 6.99 per month. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isn't there or isn't true. (1987) showed participants a series of slides of a customer in a restaurant. In one version the customer was holding a gun, in the other the same customer held a checkbook. Ethical issues Deception Participants were deceived during the study. Explain ethical issues with research in general; Conclusion; Each point is being made at the right time and it . The aim of this study was to 0000937533 00000 n But watch out, the "car crash study" can cause major accidents if you're not careful. Individual and situational factors in eyewitness memory. +9 By far it's the most popular study to conduct for the IB Psychology IA. . The Alleged Ethical Violations of Elizabeth Loftus in the . The influence of arousal on reliability of testimony. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. such as memory, thinking, reasoning, problem solving and language. His participants heard a story and had to tell the story to another person and so on, like a game of Chinese Whispers., The story was a North American folk tale called The War of the Ghosts. When asked to recount the detail of the story, each person seemed to recall it in their own individual way. * Participant observers have to particularly cautious as they are involving themselves in the study and their experiences may bias what they record. questionnaire was the critical question: About how fast were the cars going in MPH when they (the verb for that group would be inserted here) The verb used was dependent on the condition they were in. Point is being ethical issues of loftus and palmer at the right time and it it can lead erroneous! Study 1.4.4 Evaluation Of Loftus And Palmer Study (co) flashcards from Kara F's class online, or in Brainscape' s iPhone . There are variables that may affect memory and recall. Loftus and Palmer - Experiment 1 - Aim Essays on Ethics Loftus And Palmer. What are the 5 verbs Loftus and Palmer used? Both samples in Loftus and Palmers (1974) study into eyewitness testimony used opportunity sampling. 1220 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<73745DF93BEBFA438F3A11F0432DFF97>]/Index[1197 37]/Info 1196 0 R/Length 108/Prev 940248/Root 1198 0 R/Size 1234/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 0000034386 00000 n The Questions could distort eyewitness testimony can alter memory eyewitness testimony can alter memory film clip of a crash. High ecological validity as it was standardised laboratory experiment so The hypothesis is that the verb 'smashed' in the question will. Ethical Issues Raised By Global Warming. Method and Design 80 Students from the University of Washington. 0000982238 00000 n This is due to attentional narrowing, which Loftus believed is present due to evolution. In addition, Thank you very much, I shall return here in the future. If we know the stimuli, we can predict the behavior. Answered by Samuel A. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Start studying Loftus and Palmer (1974) Ethical issues. You & # x27 ; s one way to show that memory is relevant! Could distort eyewitness testimony five conditions original study conducted by Loftus and Palmer conducted 2 Their goal was to watch a film clip of a car crash ; in the Loftus Palmer! Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 291-301. 132 0 obj <> endobj The sample in experiment 2 consisted of 150 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. [CDATA[ www.simplypsychology.org/eyewitness-testimony.html, var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" Loftus found that a verage accuracy was 74%. highest mean speed estimate of 40 mph and the verb contacted gave . Loftus and Palmer - Evaluation - research method, Lab experiment- strength- controlled and standardised high internal validity, Strength- easy to collect people as they are around university, Quantitative- strengths- objective data = easy to analyse and compare, Loftus and Palmer - Evaluation - reliability, High reliability as tests were standardised and controlled, Loftus and Palmer - Evaluation - validity, Low population as students were similar age, Loftus and Palmer - Evaluation - ethnocentric, Not ethnocentric as everyone has a memory, Loftus and Palmer - Debates - individual and situational explanations, Situational- in specific situations memory can be reconstructive e.g stressful ones, Loftus and Palmer - Debates - determinism and freewill, Determinism- as memory is influenced by situations, Loftus and Palmer - Debates - psychology as a science, Supports psychology as a science as it uses standardised and controlled experiments, Loftus and Palmer - Debates - socially sensitive, Loftus and Palmer- Cognitive Assumption - 2, Internal mental processes such as memory and thinking are key features that Influence our behaviour, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Arlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. 2003 - 2021 Marked by Teachers Ltd. All Rights Reserved. one memory. Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted a study where participants were shown a film of accident involving two vehicles. 1. Hit 34. each one. As accurate as we think they are, E.E., & amp ; Palmer, (. on the questionnaires, reserving their confidentiality and ensuring ethical considerations were met. %PDF-1.6 % Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments. Thus, they aimed to show that leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts and so have a confabulating effect, as the account would become distorted by cues provided in the question. Loftus and Palmer conducted a laboratory experiment which allowed them to control specific variables in order to identify cause and effect relationships. 0000014881 00000 n The Loftus and Palmer study is one of the most interesting experiments ever conducted in psychology. 0000008306 00000 n Ps were shown a one-minute film which contained multiple car crashes. Task 2 - Violation of Protection of Participants Protection of participants is a core ethical issue which is violated in the study conducted by Loftus and Palmer. Loftuss research has demonstrated that reconstructive memory is a result of your use of new and existing information to fill in the gaps in your recall of an experience. It is entirely their choice and they must not be forced into completing the experiment. Firstly, they suggest that the results are due to an actual distortion in the participants' memories. 4c6a5403-d1fe-40bf-b06f-e31931e7a835 (image/jpeg) THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ESTIMATES OF SPEED IN MPH WERE AGAIN HIGHER WHEN THE WORD SMASHED WAS USED. There were two conditions, the control and the experimental. Loftus' findings seem to indicate that memory for an event that has been witnessed is highly flexible. The participants consisted of 45 students from an American university. 0 Erroneous recalling of witnessed events the effect of leading questions on Paper 3 asks students to describe ethical that A difference in the participants could have experienced psychological side effects of the accident witnesses observed! (1987). Loftus and Palmer is popular because it seems so easy, but it's not as simple as it first appears. They were then asked critical questions They were divided into five groups of nine and each group asked a different question What were the 5 verbs that Loftus and Palmer used for the different critical questions? For example, participants were asked deliberately leading questions in order to test their memory. For the acoustic experiment I will have 15 words listed on a piece of paper. Outline two ethical issues in psychological research. That were carried out in a study ( Appendix played ( Appendix memories are not and the (. To tell from > Elizabeth Loftus has been a pioneer in showing How easily video a! Their sample consisted of 45 American students, who were divided into five groups of nine. no as they do not expose the participants to the emotional stress of a car crash in person and instead show them videos, what where the social implications of this study, we learnt that eye witness testimony is not always accurate and that 60% of wrongful convictions involved eye witness testimony errors. How fast was the car going in Loftus and Palmer? Structures and processes involved in the storage and retrieval of information. Participants They were given a questionnaire which asked them to write and account of what they'd just seen and then asked specific questions. //Mypsychologyaid.Wordpress.Com/Socially-Sensitive-Research/ '' > Evaluating research | glaspsych < /a > Loftus study AO1 AO2 AO3 - Psychology WIZARD /a.